Humanitarian crises and intervention
reassessing the impact of mass media

Introduction: the problem and research methods -- Liberia, 1990: ECOMOG I -"Operation liberty," UMOMIL -- Somalia, 1992: UNOSOM I, UNITAF -"Operation restore hope," UNOSOM II -- Sudan, 1992: humanitarian relief efforts confront an intractable civil war -- Rwanda, 1994: UNAMIR I, UNAMIR II, and "Operation turquoise" -- Haiti, 1994: "Operation restore (uphold) democracy," UNMIH -- Burundi, 1996: United Nations and African intervention initiatives falter -- Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) 1996: "Operation Assurance" -the intervention that never was -- Sierra Leone, 1997: ECOMOG II, UNOMSIL, UNAMSIL -- Angola, 1999: 1000 UN observers removed- 30 UN observers returned -- East Timor (Timor-Leste) 1999: INTERFET -"Operation Warden" -- Conclusion: Assessing the comparative impact of mass media on intervention decision-making